The following ae the some sample program example for practicle:

Write a program to draw the front face of clock by using midpoint ellipse generationalgorithm .draw minitue and hour hand of the clock by DDA line generation algorithm.


Write a program to move a ball along the spiral circle.

A. Implement line drawing algorithm that uses generic logic for all the lines irrespective of slope of line. Implement it in a 4-quadrant system
B. Use built-in functions to draw lines in different style.


1. Implement Bresenham’s algorithm for line drawing with following stylesA. Dotted line(Accept dot ratio from user)B. Thick line(Accept thickness from user)
2. Use built-in functions to do the same


A. Implement mid-point circle drawing algorithm
B.Use any built-in function to fill the circle with different patterns


A. Implement line clipping algorithm that makes use of region code.Implement it in a 4-Quadrant systemB. Draw the clipped line in different styles using built-in functions


A. Implement Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm
B. Draw the clipped line in different styles using built-in functions

A. Implement Sutherland-Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm.
B. Mention various built-in functions in graphics.h to draw and fill various objects


A.Implement any 2 curve generating algorithms.
B.Explain the advantage-disadvantage of both


.Draw the following figure using built-in functions1. Use polygon filling algorithm for repainting Red region with Green color


A. Implement any 4 2-D transformations on a hexagon/square /triange(Translation, Pivot point rotation, Pivot point scaling, Reflection, Scaling)
B. Implement composite transformation



A. Implement boundry fill and flood fill polygon filling algorithm.
B. Optimize the above algorithm to reduce computations


A. Implement following 3-D transformations on a cube(Translation, Rotation about X, Y, Z axis, Pivot point Scaling, Reflection aboutX, Y, Z axis)


Implement midpoint ellipse generating algorithm.Use any built-in function for drawing ellipse in Graphics.

A.Clip a line using cohen Sutherland algorithm against rectangular window .
B.Let line be fixed then show the clip line as rectangle is moving.

Practical List for SPCC

1. Design lexical analyzer Check for keywords and literals as token. i/p code will be pre defined in file .
2. I/P assembly program (pre defined in file) and display pseudo Opcode & Location Counter.
3. I/P assembly program (pre defined in file )and display machine opcode and location counter
4. I/P assembly program (pre defined in file) and if pseudo opcode table (pre defined in file) and machine opcode table (pre defined in file ) is present then create symbol table.
5. Implement a macro processor create MNT.
6. Design syntax analyzer and check for any four types of errors (=, (),{}) only
7. Design intermediate code generation
8. Design code optimization. Check for common sub-expression elimination.
9. Design lexical analyzer Check for Operator and terminal as token. I/p code will be pre defined in file.

10. Take postfix expression from user and do code optimization for sub-expression elimination
11. Identify all mnemonic in the program and display the MOT table along mnemonic binary opcode, length.
12. Take assembly program from user. Identify all pseudo opcode and display POT.
13. Identify all symbols and display symbol table along with address
14. Design Symantec analyzer. Check for if condition and initialization of database.

NEW

Practical List
Subject: Analysis of Algorithms
SE COMP


1>Generation of different Patterns

2>Implementation of different Sorting Techniques

3>Implementation based on divide and conquer method
Merge Sort
Quick Sort

4>Implementation on Greedy Approach
Knapsack Problem
Job Sequencing with deadlines
Optimal Storage on Tapes

5>Implementation on dynamic programming
Single Source Shortest Path – Dijkstra’s Algorithm
0/1 Knapsack Problem

6>Implementation of backtracking methods
N-queen’s Problem

7>Implementation of Branch and Bound Concept
0/1 Knapsack algorithm

8>Implementation of Internet Algorithm
Boyer-Moore Algorithm
Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm

Assignment 1

Subject : Computer Graphics


1. State the application of computer graphics .explain any five.

2. Explain DDA algorithm .Solve(1,1) to (5,3) using DDA algorithm

3. Derive Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm .plot line(20,10)(30,18)

4. Consider the line from (0,0) to (6,7).use bresenham’s algorithm to rasterize aline.

5. Differentiate between DDA and Bresenham’s algorithm

6. Derive midpoint ellipse algorithm hence state the algorithm.Solve rx=8 and ry=6

7. Derive midpoint circle algorithm .state the algorithm.

8. Derive Bresenham’s circle algorithms



last date :22 /2/10

Technologies for web engg practical:

1. design a page using HTML
2. CSS(ALL TYPE)
3. JSP
4. JAVA SCRIPT
5. validation of forms
6. CONNECTIVITY with data base

Chapter 1:

• Basic structure of computer
• Introduction of computer system and its sub modules,
• Basic organization of computer and block level description of thefunctional units.
  Von newmann model,
• Introduction to buses andconnecting I/O devices to CPU and memory,
• Asynchronous and synchronous bus,
• PCI,
• SCSI.

1> Basic structure of computer
Introduction of computer system and its sub modules,

• Basic organization of computer and block level description of the
  functional units.
• Von newmann model,
• Introduction to buses andconnecting I/O devices to CPU and memory,
• Asynchronous and synchronous bus, PCI, SCSI.
• 2 >Arithmetic and Logic Unit.
  Arithmetic and logical unit hardware implementation,
• Booth’s Recoding,
• Booth’s algorithm for signed multiplication ,
• Restoring division and non restoring division algorithm,
• IEEE floating point number representation and operations.
• 3 >Central processing unit.
  CPU architecture, Register organization ,
• Instruction formats and addressing modes (Intel processor).,
• Basic instruction cycle,Instruction interpretation and sequencing,
• Control Unit operation,Hardwired control unit design methods and design examples,
  Multiplier control unit, Micro programmed control unit, basic concepts, Microinstruction sequencing and execution , Micro operations, concepts of nanoprogramming,
• Introduction to RISC andCISC architectures, design issues and examples of RISC processors.
  
  4 >Memory Organization.
• Characteristics of memory system and hierarchy, concepts of
  semiconductor memories, main memory, ROM, EPROM, RAM,
  SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, , Flash memory, Stack
  Organization.
• High speed memories: Cache memory organization
  and mapping, replacement algorithms , cache coherence,
• Interleaved and associative memories ,
• Virtual memory, main memory allocation , segmentation paging,
• Secondary storage, optical memory, CDROM, DVD
• RAID,.
  5 >I/O Organization.
• Input/Output systems, Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O,
• I/O channels, DMA, Peripheral Devices, U.S.B.
  6 >Multiprocessor Configurations.
• Flynn’s classifications, parallel processing concepts,
• Introduction to pipeline processing and pipeline hazards, design issues of pipeline
  architecture, Instruction pipeline, Instruction level parallelism and
  advanced issues.
  7 >SPARC
  Static and Dynamic data flow design, Fault tolerant computers,
  Interprocessor communication and synchronization, cache
  coherence, shared memory
  multiprocessor.
  8 >Systolic Architectures
  Systolic arrays and their applications, wave front arrays.

TERM WORK:
Based on above syllabus at least 10 experiments and one written test of 10 marks
to be conducted.

Text Books:
1. Miles Murdocca, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Wiley India
2. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing and
performance”: Prentice-Hall India
3. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky “Computer Organization”,
McGraw Hill
Reference Books:
1. John L. Hennessy and David Patterson,” Computer Architecture A Quantitative
Approach”, Morgan Kaufman
2. Andrew S. Tanenbaum,” Structured Computer Organization”, Prentice-Hall India

WEB ML

assignment 1

Assignment 1
Sub:Web Engg
Year:Third

1. What are the different categories of web application?

2. Explain the characteristic of web application?

3. Where do requirements come from?Explain Requirement engg specifies in web engg?

4. What are the various principle of Requirement Engg?

5. Which type of requirement are important for web application?

6. How the requirement for web application is listed and documented?

7. Explain modeling specifies in web engg?

8. Explain various modeling requirements?

last date of submission:friday 18 sep 09

• STEP 1: Set Your Goals
  1. Why do you want a web site?
  The first step is to identify the reasons for creating a website and how it will fit into your overall goals.
  You need to identify your strengths and opportunities, and how they tie with your plan of creating a web site.
  You also need to look into the threats and weaknesses that can adversely affect your plans and derail your goals.
  2. How does a web site fit your overall business plan?
• What will a website do for you and your business?
• A website may be your meal ticket and the main income source; or it may be for additional income. If you have an existing business, it can be used as a marketing tool, additional revenue source, or a springboard of an entirely different business model.
• Some of the key questions you need to ask include:
  Do you want to earn money directly from your website? Is it supposed to be profitable?
  Is your website simply for marketing purposes, with no direct revenue generation objectives?
  Will your website be used solely for customer and/or technical support?
  Is your website part of a multi-channel strategy (e.g. you run a brick and mortar store or a catalog together with a website)? Or is it a single channel strategy (e.g. you are an Internet pure play business)?
  Or will your website be an information source?

7 Steps to Successful Web Site Development

STEP 1: Set Your Goals
STEP 2: Develop Your Web Site Strategy
STEP 3: Set-Up Implementation Plans
STEP 4: Start the Ball Rolling
STEP 5: Create and Launch Your Web Site
STEP 6: Promote Your Web Site and Measure Its Results
STEP 7: Maintain Your Website and Grow Your Web Business

Unified Modeling Language

The heart of object-oriented problem solving is the construction of a model. The model abstracts the essential details of the underlying problem from its usually complicated real world. Several modeling tools are wrapped under the heading of the UML™, which stands for Unified Modeling Language™. The purpose of this course is to present important highlights of the UML.
At the center of the UML are its nine kinds of modeling diagrams, which we describe here.
Use case diagrams Extra info
Class diagrams Extra info
Object diagrams
Sequence diagrams Extra info
Collaboration diagrams
Statechart diagrams Extra info
Activity diagrams
Component diagrams
Deployment diagrams

Structure of IAS

Structure of IAS

The control unit fetches 2 instruction at a time but execute only 1 instruction at a time.

Memory Buffer Register (MBR): It stores word to be written in memory or receive a word from memory.
Memory Address Register (MAR): It specifies address of memory location for data transfer
Instruction Register (IR) : It stores 8 bit opcode of the instruction getting currently executed
Instruction Buffer Register(IBR) : It holds temporarily the right instruction fetch from an instruction word in memory
Program Counter (PC): It contain address of the next instruction pair to be fetched from memory.
Accumulator(AC) & Multiplier Quotient(MQ): They hold operands and result of ALU Operations. e.g Multiplying two 40 bit numbers give 80 bit result. Higher 40 bit are stored in AC and lower 40 bit are stored in MQ.

Von Neumann

The task of entering and altering programs for the ENIAC was extremely tedious.

The programming process could be facilitated if the program could be represented in a form suitable for storing in memory alongside the data.

Then, a computer could get its instructions by reading them from memory, and a program could be set of altered by setting the values of a portion of memory.
This idea, known as the Stored-program concept, is usually attributed to the ENIAC designers, most notably the mathematician John von Neumann, who was a consultant on the ENIAC project.

In 1946, von Neumann and his colleagues began the design of a new stored-program computer, referred to as the IAS computer, at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.

The IAS computer, although not completed until 1952, is the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers.

Figure shows the general structure of the IAS computer.

It consists of:
A main memory, which stores both data and instructions.
An arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) capable of operating on binary data.
A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed.
Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unit.

Traditional Bus Architecture

Figure shows some typical example of I/O devices that might be attached to expansion devices The traditional bus connection uses three buses local bus , system bus and expansion bus

1. Local bus connects the processor to cache memory and may support one or more local devices

2. The cache memory controller connects the cache to local bus and to the system bus.

3. System bus also connects main memory module

4. Input /output transfer to and from the main memory across the system bus do not interface with the processor activity because process accesses cache memory.

5. It is possible to connect I/O controllers directly on to the system bus. A more efficient solution is to make use of one or more expansion buses for this purpose.An expansion bus interface buffers data transfer between system bus and i/o controller on the expansion bus.

This arrangement allows the system to support a wide variety of i/o devices and at the same time insulate memory to process or traffic from i/o traffic.

Explain why multibus hierarchies are required?

If large number of devices are connected to the single shared bus , performance will suffer. There are following problems

1>Bus length is longer. Therefore propagaton time is more. This propagation dealy can affect performance. When control of the bus passes from one device to another frequently

2>The bus may become bottleneck as aggreagate data transfer demand approaches the capacity of bus. Because data rate generated by attached deviceslike graphics and video controller are growing rapidly

3>Only one master bus can operate at a time, other waits. To overcome this problem most computer system use multiple buses, generally laid out in hierarchy.

Bus design parameter
1. Type : Dedicated or multiplexed
2. Arbitration : Centralized or distributed
3. Timing ; Synchronous or Asynchronus
4. Bus width ; Address or data
5. Data Transfer Type ; R, W, Read, Modify Write, after write, block
Bus Design Parameter in details
1. Bus Type :
i) Dedicated bus:
When a bus is permanently assigned only 1 functiion , it is called dedicated bus.
E.g. separate address and data lines separate bus for memory and I/O modules
Advantages: It gives high performance and less bus contention
Disadvantages : Increased size and cost.

ii) Multiplexed bus:
When the bus is used for more than 1 funcion in different time zones it is called multiplexed bus. E.g. 8085 microprocessor outputs A7- A0 in first clock cycles on pins. AD7 – AD0.
Advantages ; few pins lines are required . less cost and save space
Disadvantages: slow in speed
2. Bus Arbitration:
Several bus master connected to a common bus may require access to the same bus at the same time. A selection mechanism called bus arbitration describes which device should be given access to the bus

i) In Centralized approach; A hardware device called bus controller or bus arbiter allocates bus. It uses one of the following type
(1) Daisy chaining
(2) Polling
(3) Multiple priority levels

ii) In Distributed Approach: each master has arbiter compared to only single in centralized approach. Equal responsibility is given to all devices to carry out arbitration process, without using a central arbiter
3. Bus Timing: In synchronous timing ,e very event is synchronized by clock whereas in asynchronous every event occurring depends on previous events of bus .

4. Bus width: It decides the number of lines to be used for address and data. More addrss lines means more memory can be accessed e.g 16 line address make 2 16 = 64 kb , 20 address line makes 220 = 1 mb memory access .
More data lines means more number of bits can be transferred at a time. Therefore speed increases.
5. Data transfer type; A bus can support various type of data transfer
1) For multiplexed bus

a) Write operation : data is outputted immediately outputting address
b) Read operation: First address is outputted then sufficient acces s time is given gto address device to output data. Now data is read from bus
c) Read , modify write; Read data transfer is followed by write data transfer at the same address. It stop other cpu to use bus.
d) Read after write; Writer transfer is followed with read transfer after some access time . it is used for checking purpose.
e) Block operation; number of data are transferred at the same address one after another e.g. saving file in secondary storage.

2) For non-multiplexed bus :
Address and data outputted at the same time on different bus. It is faster system.

Organization and Architecture
In describing computer system, a distinction is often made between computer architecture and computer organization. Although it is difficult to give precise definition for these terms, a consensus exists about the general areas covered by each.

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, or put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnection that realize the architecture specification.

Examples of architecture attributes include the instruction set, the number of bit to represent various data types (e.g.., numbers, and characters), I/O mechanisms, and technique for addressing memory.

Organization attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals, and the memory technology used.
As an example, it is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have a multiply instruction.

It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system. The organization decision may be bases on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit.Historically, and still today, the distinction between architecture and organization has been an important one.

Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer model, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization. Consequently, the different models in the family have different price and performance characteristics.

Furthermore, an architecture may survive many years, but its organization changes with changing technology.

The Five Generations of Computers

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices.

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes:

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors:

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Computer Mother Board

Computer Mother board and its constituent components
A typical PC mother board with important components is given below:
1. Mouse & keyboard

2. USB

3. Parallel port

4. CPU Chip

5. RAM slots

6. Floppy controller

7. IDE controller

8. PCI slot

9. ISA slot

10. CMOS Battery

11. AGP slot

12. CPU slot

13. Power supply plug in
1. Mouse & keyboard: Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. All PCs have a Key board port connected directly to the motherboard. The oldest, but still quite common type, is a special DIN, and most PCs until recently retained this style connector. The AT-style keyboard connector is quickly disappearing, being replaced by the smaller mini DIN PS/2-style keyboard connector. You can use an AT-style keyboard with a PS/2-style socket (or the other way around) by using a converter. Although the AT connector is unique in PCs, the PS/2-style mini-DIN is also used in more modern PCs for the mouse. Fortunately , most PCs that use the mini-DIN for both the keyboard and mouse clearly mark each mini-DIN socket as to its correct use. Some keyboards have a USB connection, but these are fairly rare compared to the PS/2 connection keyboards.

2. USB (Universal serial bus): USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of many different devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. a USB connector's distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable. USB has a number of features that makes it particularly popular on PCs. First, USB devices are hot swappable. You can insert or remove them without restarting your system.

3. Parallel port: Most printers use a special connector called a parallel port. Parallel port carry data on more than one wire, as opposed to the serial port, which uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB connector. Parallel ports are directly supported by the motherboard through a direct connection or through a dangle.

4. CPU Chip : The central processing unit, also called the microprocessor performs all the calculations that take place inside a pc. CPUs come in Variety of shapes and sizes. Modern CPUs generate a lot of heat and thus require a cooling fan or heat sink. The cooling device (such as a cooling fan) is removable, although some CPU manufactures sell the CPU with a fan permanently attached.

5. RAM slots: Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU. RAM is measured in units called bytes. RAM has been packaged in many different ways. The most current package is called a 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory module).

6. Floppy controller: The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. A floppy controller is one that is used to control the floppy drive.

7. IDE controller: Industry standards define two common types of hard drives: EIDE and SCSI. Majority of the PCs use EIDE drives. SCSI drives show up in high end PCs such as network servers or graphical workstations. The EIDE drive connects to the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive.

8. PCI slot: Intel introduced the Peripheral component interconnect bus protocol. The PCI bus is used to connect I/O devices (such as NIC or RAID controllers) to the main logic of the computer. PCI bus has replaced the ISA bus.

9. ISA slot: (Industry Standard Architecture) It is the standard architecture of the Expansion bus. Motherboard may contain some slots to connect ISA compatible cards.

10. CMOS Battery: To provide CMOS with the power when the computer is turned off all motherboards comes with a battery. These batteries mount on the motherboard in one of three ways: the obsolete external battery, the most common onboard battery, and built-in battery.

11. AGP slot: If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like a PCI slot, but is slightly shorter and usually brown. You also probably have a video card inserted into this slot. This is an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) slot

12. CPU slot: To install the CPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special notches in the slot make it impossible to install them incorrectly. So remember if it does not go easily, it is probably not correct. Be sure to plug in the CPU fan's power.

13. Power supply plug in: The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to make the pc operate. the power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into 12-Volt, 5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.